Artificial Intelligence: Introduction and History

by Nouman

Artificial Intelligence is the branch of computer science which deals with the development of such machines or softwares which would work in coordinance with human intelligence.Artificial Intelligence works with various softwares and is helpfull for people. AI is being used on large scale today. It has made the work of men very easy. By AI, Developers can Code and develop softwares in hours instead of Months. By AI Tools, We can obtain every sort of information. It is probablity that in future, AI will become basic need of everybody. Here we are discussing about Introduction of Artificial Intelligence.

History of Artificial Intelligence:

AI is a great invention whose basis was laid down from early thinking of it and it proceeded to the modern and pure machine learning systems. As new thing launches, it feels number of problems, downfalls, difficulties and then secures success, This system also faced large number of difficulties and down falls with warm heart and after that, it has secured a great success in today’s modern era. Now AI is very successful in every field of science, even any type of information we can get easily from AI. We can create easy to complex computer projects by AI.

Basis and startup Journey(1956-1974):

AI basis was laid down before the discovery of its coining by a first programmable computer. As programming could be performed in that computer, That computer became base for startup of Artificial Intelligence.

Alan Turing and turing test:

British Mathematician Alan Turing published his Booklet in which this Question was raised “Can machines think?”.He introduced turing test which examined if machine could thing or behave like a human or not. He felt that machines can work in coordination with humans. So he shared his thinking to other people by his booklet. Some other scientists shared the same thought on it and so, they determined to work on it.

Emergence of Artificial Intelligence:

Dortmouth summer’s project on Artificial Intelligence is thought the basis of this field. A conference held in which Dormouth Summer’s project was presented and reviewed. In Coordinance of John McCarthy and ,Maron Misky, This Conference made this thinking that learning or any type of other attribute can be explained in such a way that a machine can be made to copy it and behave like it.

Early Success:

Artificial intelligence got success in its early time. It was the time when anyone was not aware of it and scientists presented it and it became point of view for all scientists. This era was of Symbolic Artificial Intelligence. It became the reason of its rapid success. In this era, Artificial Intelligence started reaching other People. In it symbols and traditional Methods were used to solve problems. Logic Theorist was first working AI program, which proved Mathematical Syntax.

First Time of Artificial Intelligence Wniter and Mahe Systems:

After introduction of Symbolic AI, it was soon realized that it has its limitations. It could perform simpler operation but was unable to handle large scale database. As at that time, a computer was discovered which was very simpe. It could not handle large scale and complex logics and data base, so Artificial Intelligence also was limitted at that time.

First AI winter:

Funding was decreased by American and British governments. The main Challenges wers:

1. Common Sense Knowledge Problem: AI system were unaware of large amount of knowledge from humans due to limitted resources. At that time, so mouch knowledge about machines was not discovered. So the range of Artificial Intelligence was also limitted.

1. Limited Computing Capacity: Early Computers needed complex algorithms because they could not handle data. Capacity of early computers was not enough so that they coud handle more data. So Computing capacity was limited in small range.

Era of Mahar Systems:

By era of mahar system, a limited but beautiful emergence took place. These sets used humands algorithems in form of “if-then” logics.

1. XCON(1980): This was very successful computer in storing data, Due to which, they found help to order the data and logics. They needed a more efficient computer before it, so after discovery of XCON in 1980, The way to discoveries of more database and knowledge was opened.

1. Fifth generation computer systems: Fifth generation computer systems made government and industrial Funding again due to lack of better Performance in simple computers.

3rd Artificial Intelligence winter and startup of Machine Learning:

Due to more struggles of experts, a new era in development of AI arrived. In background, new points were raising. In Late second winter, Market of Experts crashed.Due to which It was thought about decrease in funding. But research about AI continued as “Informatics” or “Knowledge based systems”. Researchers cocentrated on Static and probablic methods or Nural Networks in place of Symbolic rules.

1. Backpropagation: An algorithm that became famous to train nural networks with better way.

1. IBM: Computers of Deep Blue competed worldwide champions Carry Casparov which was an important time to show power of special Hardware.

Deep Learning and Modern Era:

Combination of Bing data sets, Fast computing power (mainy GPUs) and modern neural network algorithms made AI more Advance. Deep Learning is the set of machine learning. It uses deep nural networks.

1. AlexNet: ImageMet Moment, Convolutional Nural Network and ImageNet decrease ratio of mistake in image recognition, by which deep learning became on top in computer Learning.

1. DeepMind: Program of Alpha Go, The Go competed worldwide champion. This task was very complex by which power of Reinforcement Learning and Nural Networks.

Era of generative AI:

In 2017, introduction of Transformer Network Architecture has made improvement in image generation. Large Language Modals being trained on large scale. By this they will be able to understand and speak human language. Generative models like AI systems can generate new and high quality images with gestures by which is becoming change in content creation.

AI has entered daily life from research labs, i.e Virtual assistants. In modern era, there is very vast use of AI. Every company is trying to setup AI based Systems which can help them complete and manage projects more efficiently. By use of AI, Every work has become Easy.